
Public universities were technically insolvent, carrying billions in debt under a differentiated unit cost model that funded institutions rather than students.
The new model funds the student. Households are placed in bands by means testing, and support is assembled from three sources — a government scholarship, a HELB loan and a household contribution — with the neediest students receiving up to 100% scholarship-and-loan cover and paying nothing upfront.
The model has been refined in response to court challenges and student feedback, and legislation has been advanced to guarantee that every Kenyan student placed in a university or TVET institution receives state funding.

